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                <text>Gender gap on concept inventories in physics: What is consistent, what is inconsistent, and what factors influence the gap?</text>
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                <text>Adrian Madsen, Sarah B. McKagan, and Eleanor C. Sayre conduct a review of studies examining the gender gap in physics concept inventories, which are standardized multiple-choice tests that are used to assess conceptual understanding in physics. Across the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) and Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE), the authors found that men consistently scored higher than women on pre and post assessments, even when alternative teaching methods were used. The authors review over 30 potential contributing factors, such as prior preparation, test design, and social factors. They conclude that there is no single cause that explains the gap, rather it is a combination of contributing factors. The authors findings reveal how complex achieving equity in physics education is and conclude that there needs to be more research regarding course design and how to better support all learners. </text>
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                <text>Adrian Madsen, Sarah B. McKagan, Eleanor C. Sayre </text>
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                <text>American Association of Physics Teachers, Kansas State University</text>
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                <text>Structure Matters: Twenty-One Teaching Strategies to&#13;
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                <text>Kimberly Tanner argues that the way in which classrooms are structured plays a pivotal role in shaping both student equity and engagement. Tanner offers 21 specific teaching strategies (such as think-pair-share, random calling, and structured opportunities for participation) that help ensure that all students have opportunities to contribute, rather than having a few confident students dominate discussions. Although the article is grounded in biology education, the strategies the article highlights are applicable across all teaching disciplines, showing that even small structural changes can affect how equal opportunities in class participation and learning are distributed.</text>
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                <text>Dr. Kimberly D. Tanner</text>
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                <text>The idea that students learn best when teaching is tailored to their individual learning styles (such as being a visual or tactile learner) is becoming increasingly popular in education, with many books, workshops, and commercial tests created around the concept. In their article, Harold Pashler, Mark McDaniel, Doug Rohrer, and Robert Bjork argue that while the appeal of catering towards different learning styles is strong, there is little scientific or empirical evidence to suggest that such practices improve student outcomes. </text>
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                <text>University students who take STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) classes often have high levels of stress and anxiety, which negatively influences learning, performance, and persistence. These students are also at a greater risk of leaving university altogether. In this essay, Jeremy Hsu and Gregory Goldsmith claim that instructors have an important, though often underappreciated, role in addressing student stress and anxiety. The essay outlines five categories of strategies that instructors can use to help students feel less anxious and more supported, and these strategies can be applied to other subjects outside of the sciences. </text>
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                <text>Marshall Sundberg and Michael Dini challenged the common assumption that non-STEM majors need a “watered-down” version of an introductory biology course. By using pre- and post-tests from introductory biology exams, they compared the learning outcomes between majors and nonmajors at Louisiana State University. Both groups entered with similarly low levels of biological knowledge, but by the end of the course, nonmajors performed as well as (or in some cases better than) majors on core concepts, despite taking a less detail-heavy course. The authors concluded that focusing on key ideas, their relevance, and conceptual understanding may be more effective than overwhelming students (who most likely haven’t taken a college science class before) with terminology and jargon. Their results also suggest that the supposed divide between majors and nonmajors is more myth than reality, and that a “less is more” approach could better serve all students, regardless of their major. </text>
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